Criminal & Penal Cases

Criminal matters are governed by the federal Crimes and Penalties Law and the Criminal Procedure Law, together with the cybercrime law for offences committed through electronic means. Both complainants and accused persons have defined rights at each stage.

From complaint to court. A case usually starts with a complaint to the police or the public prosecution, followed by investigation. The public prosecution decides whether to refer the case to court.

Fraud, breach of trust and forgery. These offences have distinct elements. Fraud requires deception that leads to the handing over of property; breach of trust concerns property lawfully received and then misappropriated. The difference often decides whether a case is civil or criminal.

Electronic offences. Messages, posts and online transactions can give rise to offences under the cybercrime law. Preserving digital evidence promptly and lawfully is essential.

Connected civil claims. A person harmed by an offence may claim compensation, either alongside the criminal case or separately before the civil courts, depending on the circumstances.

Seek advice before giving a statement or filing a complaint where possible. Keep original documents and devices, and avoid public comment on the matter.

Legal framework
Federal Decree-Law No. 31 of 2021 (Crimes and Penalties Law), as amended
Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2022 (Criminal Procedure Law), in force from 1 March 2023, as amended
Federal Decree-Law No. 34 of 2021 on Combatting Rumours and Cybercrimes

The Crimes and Penalties Law has been amended several times, most recently in 2025 and 2026. Penalties and the availability of reconciliation vary by offence and must be checked against the current text for each case.